Posted: September 6th, 2023

The annexation of Texas as a state

The annexation of Texas as a state into the United States in 1845 was a momentous event in the history of the United States. The addition of Texas to the Union marked the expansion of the country’s territorial reach and a deepening of the political and economic ties between the states. However, this act also had profound social, economic, and political implications for the people of Texas, and would ultimately play a significant role in the state’s decision to secede from the Union prior to the Civil War.

Social Impacts

The annexation of Texas as a slave state in 1845 had significant social impacts on the state. It brought with it a rapid increase in the number of slaves in Texas, as slaveholders from other southern states migrated to Texas to take advantage of its fertile lands and favorable climate. The growth of the slave population in Texas was further accelerated by the demand for cotton, which became the dominant cash crop in the state. By 1860, the slave population in Texas had reached over 180,000, making up approximately one-third of the state’s total population.

The influx of slaveholders and slaves into Texas created a highly stratified society, with white slaveholders at the top of the social hierarchy, followed by non-slaveholding whites, free blacks, and then slaves. Slavery was deeply entrenched in the social fabric of Texas, with slaves performing much of the labor in agriculture, industry, and domestic work. The brutal realities of slavery were reflected in the harsh and inhumane treatment of slaves, who were subjected to physical and emotional abuse, forced labor, and separation from their families.

Economic Impacts

The incorporation of Texas into the United States had a profound impact on the state’s economy. Texas was an agrarian economy, and cotton was the primary cash crop. The annexation of Texas as a slave state led to a surge in cotton production, with Texas becoming one of the largest cotton-producing states in the country. Cotton became the backbone of the state’s economy, and it fueled a boom in commercial agriculture and the development of a plantation system that relied heavily on slave labor.

The expansion of the cotton industry in Texas brought about a range of economic changes. It led to the growth of towns and cities along the major transportation routes, as well as the development of infrastructure such as railroads and ports to transport cotton to markets in the United States and abroad. The cotton industry also stimulated the growth of related industries such as banking, finance, and insurance.

The economic success of the cotton industry was built on the backs of enslaved labor, which fueled a booming slave trade in Texas. The slave trade was a profitable business, and it was conducted through a network of brokers and traders who bought and sold slaves in markets throughout the state. Slaves were treated as commodities, and their value was determined by their age, gender, and physical condition. The slave trade was a brutal and inhumane practice that tore families apart and subjected human beings to unspeakable suffering.

Political Impacts

The incorporation of Texas into the United States had significant political implications for the state. Texas was a one-party state for much of its history, with the Democratic Party being the dominant political force. This was largely due to the fact that Texas was a southern state, and the Democratic Party was the party of the south. However, the state also had a significant Republican Party presence, especially after the Civil War.

The issue of slavery was a major political issue in Texas, and it played a significant role in the state’s decision to secede from the Union prior to the Civil War. Many Texans believed that slavery was necessary for the economic survival of the state, and they feared that the federal government would try to abolish slavery. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, who was seen as an abolitionist, was the final straw for many Texans, who saw Lincoln’s election as a direct threat to the institution of slavery. In February 1861, delegates from Texas voted to secede from the Union, and the state became a founding member of the Confederate States of America.

The secession of Texas had significant political consequences for the United States. It led to the outbreak of the Civil War, which was fought between the Confederate States of America and the United States. The war was the deadliest in American history, with over 620,000 soldiers losing their lives. The Civil War also resulted in the abolition of slavery in the United States and the reintegration of the southern states back into the Union.

The annexation of Texas as a state into the United States had profound social, economic, and political impacts on the state. The growth of the slave population and the expansion of the cotton industry created a highly stratified society and fueled a booming slave trade. The annexation also had significant political consequences, as the issue of slavery played a major role in the state’s decision to secede from the Union. The secession of Texas led to the outbreak of the Civil War and resulted in the abolition of slavery in the United States. The legacy of Texas’ annexation and secession continues to be felt in the state and the country today, as issues of race and inequality continue to shape American society.

Works Cited
Fehrenbach, T. R. (2018). Lone Star: A history of Texas and the Texans. Open Road Media.

Hardin, S. (2021). Texian Iliad: A military history of the Texas Revolution. University of Texas Press.

Petri, M. J. (2019). Slavery and sectional strife in Texas, 1821-1865. LSU Press.

McComb, D. G. (2020). Texas, a modern history. University of Texas Press.

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