Posted: August 1st, 2023

Positive Impacts of Flavonoids on Human Cognitive Function

POSITIVE IMPACTS OF FLAVONOIDS ON HUMAN COGNITIVE FUNCTION
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Positive Impacts of Flavonoids on Human Cognitive Function
Diet is one of the most crucial factors for healthy aging. This is because itinfluences the incidence?? and onset of do you mean offsets? neurodegenerative disorders and human cognitive function. Photochemicals called flavonoids constituents of food and beverages to have beneficial effects on or to? Check grammar??? mental performance and vascular function. The intake of plants or food extracts, rich in flavonoids, increases the capability of learning and memory through their ability to protect the vulnerable neurons, stimulate the regeneration of neurons, and boost the existing neuronal functions. Flavonoids help to protect or better say protects the body or whatever you are reffering to against neuronal death and induced neuronal death (1). Other positive and neuro-modulatory effects of flavonoids relate to age-related illnesses such as dementia and Alzheimer’s, where the citrus flavonoids help maintain the functionality and integrity of nigrostriatal. Flavonoids Better avoid too much repetation of key terms …use pronouns…enhance cognitive function, memory, learning, and neuronal cognitive performance behavioral level and attenuate cognitive decline thus positively impacting the human cognitive…..Where is the thesis statement????
Improving Cognitive Evolution and Performance
There is a check grammar….variety of flavonoids that can prevent memory and learning deficits. Flavonoids are found in ubiquitous plants, with their significant sources being vegetables, fruits, tea, cereals, and wine. The leading dietary group of flavonoids is quercetin and flavonols, found in fruits. There is strong evidence that intake of flavonoids is associated with improved cognitive evolution, such as preserving cognitive performance with aging (2). Flavonoids-rich foods, especially flavanols, improve the peripheral blood flow and the surrogate markers in humans. The central nervous system and flavonoids enhance the cortical blood flow (2). Therefore, increasing the cerebrovascular function, especially in the hippocampus, which is the region for memory, facilitates neurogenesis; neuronal growth is essential for memory and learning.
Human subjects were examined for cognitive performance; they were free from dementia and reliable dietary performance. While this sentence may be grammartically correct, I want to believe that you are referring to a study…cite the author and explain more….Age, education, and gender were adjusted, and the level of flavonoids intake resulted in better evolution of performance over time. In ten years, subjects with lower flavonoids intake were found to have lost 2.1 points in the mini-mental state examination, while those with higher information lost 1.2 points (3). This research shows that flavonoids indeed positively affect the neuro-cognitive performance with aging. Its better if you expound more on the experiment and link it to theory
Effects of Flavonoids to ton brain
Flavonoids act as a modulator of the brain. Flavonoids access the brain through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), whose function is to control the entry of xenobiotics and maintain the brain microenvironment. Therefore, despite the beneficial effects of the flavonoids’ ability to access the brain, their concentration and metabolite forms are lower than small-molecule antioxidant nutrients (4). Ultimately, the actions of neural signaling can be beneficial or damaging to the brain. For instance, even when they have a positive effect on the treatment of proliferative, they have a negative outcome on the nervous system.
In the same way, flavonoids can have an unpredictable effect depending on the type of cell, stimulus, and disease studied. This shows that flavonoids are bioactive molecules; therefore, it is vital to understand their mechanisms of action as modulators in cell signaling to know their potential to modulate brain function. The cellular effects of flavonoids are mediated by their interactions with specific proteins in the neuronal intracellular signaling cascades.
Positive Benefits to the Central Nervous System
Flavonoids dietary exert positive effects on the central nervous system in many ways. For instance, they promote synaptic plasticity, protect neurons against oxidative stress-induced injury and alleviate neuroinflammation as flavonoids can access the brain (5). Their??? What? photochemical acts as neuroprotective agents due to their ability to act as antioxidants???? Makes no sense. Their concentrations in the brain exert pharmacological activity as receptors and transcription factors (6). Flavonoids bind in the ATP binding site of many proteins; for instance, the stilbene and citrus plan avoid inhibitory activity in several proteins (7)). Flavonoid Too much repetition…utilize pronouns interaction with the mitochondrial transition where flavonoids may bind influences pore opening, and the release of cytochrome is realized in apoptosis.
Improved Cellular effects
Its best to start the section with a captivating opening sentence…Flavonoids have cellular effects through direct modulation of protein and lipid kinase, such as the ones found in berries, cocoa, and tea. Flavanol, such as epicatechin, causes the activation of extracellular signal and CREB activation in the cortical neurons, which increases the expression of CREB regulated genes (2). First, a flavonoid helps improve LTP and memory through the CREB mechanism. The concentration of quercetin enhances the CREB activation in the neurons; therefore, the action of flavonoids in LTP, modulating neurons, and synaptic plasticity improves through CREB (8). Flavonoids promote activation of neuronal CREB, they also help enhance the expression of various genes, which has implications in synaptic plasticity and long-term memory (9). Flavonoids also inhibit PI3K through the direct interaction with the ATP binding site; therefore, they have positive effects and can activate CREB by activating its pathway. Flavanoids affect the outgrowth of neuronal dendrite in vitro, which activates the signaling of CREB BDNF, induces changes of neuronal morphology, which improves memory, learning, and cognitive performance in man….use shorter sentences…Long ones are hard to understand
The impact of flavonoids is mediated by age (11). For instance, working memory, executive function, and psychomotor processing speed are witnessed among children and middle-aged individuals. The timings of the cognitive effect also depend on the mental source, which is reflected in the rate of absorption and metabolism of the type of flavonoid or different types of food (12). Most cognitive improvements match peaks in peripheral and cerebral blood flow.
Other cognitive functions and benefits
Flavonoids exert beneficial effects on memory and learning. The flavonoids nutrients can protect neurons through synaptic plasticity, suppressing neuroinflammation enhancing LTP (13). This is due to its ability to interact with several neuronal proteins and lipid kinase, which act as signal cascades that are very significant in determining the LTP and the consolidation, acquisition, and storage of human memory and learning. Flavonoids can activate the CREB and CREB induced gene generation; therefore, they can trigger events such as the formation of stable LTP at synapses required in the long-term memory storage (14).
Overall, the intake of flavonoids has potential clinical direction in preventing cognitive decline and various brain disorders. Flavonoids ensure the reduction of oxidative stress relief from Alzheimer’s disease (15). Cognitive and neurodegeneration pose a crucial challenge with the aging population in the future (3). The neuroprotective impacts of the dietary flavonoids provide a promising solution to reduce the decline of cognitive issues.
Conclusion
Start by restating your thesis statement….Flavonoids are an interesting group of polyphenols derived from different plant species that have a positive effect on the cognitive health of humans. Flavonoids exhibit a variety of effects and improve cognitive evolution and performance through; enhancing cognitive function, increasing neurogenesis, improving cellular impacts, exerting positive effects on the central nervous system, and also improving memory and learning. ….This sentence is too long…..Diet is an important lifestyle factor that influences the incidence of human cognitive function and therefore healthy diet….repetition… and in this case intake of flavonoids is a vital factor of healthy aging. I find this sentence unnecessary. Tell me something new that is not common knowledge or just obvious

References Check on the referencing style
1. Rendeiro, C., Rhodes, J. S., & Spencer, J. P. (2015). The mechanisms of action of flavonoids in the brain: Direct versus indirect effects. Neurochemistry international, 89, 126-139.
2. Spencer, J. P. (2009). Flavonoids and brain health: multiple effects underpinned by common mechanisms. Genes & Nutrition, 4(4), 243-250
3. Williams, R. J., & Spencer, J. P. (2012). Flavonoids, cognition, and dementia: actions, mechanisms, and potential therapeutic utility for Alzheimer’s disease. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 52(1), 35-45
4. Seasons G, Tousoulis D, Tsigkou V, Kokko E, Oikonomou E, Vavuranakis M, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG, Stefanadis C. Flavonoids in atherosclerosis: an overview of their mechanisms of action. Current medicinal chemistry. 2013 Jul 1;20(21):2641-60.
5.Spencer, J. P., Vauzour, D., & Rendeiro, C. (2009). Flavonoids and cognition: the molecular mechanisms underlying their behavioral effects. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 492(1-2), 1-9.
6. Flanagan E, Müller M, Hornberger M, Vauzour D. Impact of flavonoids on cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying age-related cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. Current nutrition reports. 2018 Jun;7(2):49-57.
7.Vauzour, D., Vafeiadou, K., Rodriguez-Mateos, A., Rendeiro, C., & Spencer, J. P. (2008). The neuroprotective potential of flavonoids: an assortment of effects. Genes & Nutrition, 3(3), 115-126.
8. Spencer, J. P. (2009). Flavonoids and brain health: multiple effects underpinned by common mechanisms. Genes & Nutrition, 4(4), 243-250.

9. Spencer, J. P. (2008). Food for thought: the role of dietary flavonoids in enhancing human memory, learning and neurocognitive performance: Symposium on ‘Diet and mental health.’ Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 67(2), 238-252.
10.Rendeiro, C., Rhodes, J. S., & Spencer, J. P. (2015). The mechanisms of action of flavonoids in the brain: Direct versus indirect effects. Neurochemistry international, 89, 126-139.
11. Macready AL, Kennedy OB, Ellis JA, Williams CM, Spencer JP, Butler LT. Flavonoids and cognitive function: a review of human randomized controlled trial studies and recommendations for future studies. Genes & nutrition. 2009 Dec;4(4):227-42.
12. Nurk, E., Refsum, H., Drevon, C. A., Tell, G. S., Nygaard, H. A., Engedal, K., & Smith, A. D. (2009). Intake of flavonoid-rich wine, tea, and chocolate by older men and women is associated with better cognitive test performance. The Journal of nutrition, 139(1), 120-127.
13. Panache AN, Diwan AD, Chandra SR. Flavonoids: an overview. Journal of nutritional science. 2016;5.
14. Jagla, F., & Pechanova, O. (2015). Age-related cognitive impairment as a sign of geriatric neurocardiovascular interactions: may polyphenols play a protective role?. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2015.
15. Lamport, D. J., Pal, D., Moutsiana, C., Field, D. T., Williams, C. M., Spencer, J. P., & Butler, L. T. (2015). The effect of flavanol-rich cocoa on cerebral perfusion in healthy older adults during conscious resting state: a placebo-controlled, crossover, acute trial. Psychopharmacology, 232(17), 3227-3234.

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