Posted: September 4th, 2023

ETHICAL AND LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF PRESCRIBING DRUGS

ETHICAL AND LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF PRESCRIBING DRUGS
Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:
• Explain the ethical and legal implications of the scenario you selected on all stakeholders involved, such as the prescriber, pharmacist, patient, and patient’s family.
• Describe strategies to address disclosure and nondisclosure as identified in the scenario you selected. Be sure to reference laws specific to your state. (Illinois state)
• Explain two strategies that you, as an advanced practice nurse, would use to guide your decision making in this scenario, including whether you would disclose your error. Be sure to justify your explanation.
• Explain the process of writing prescriptions, including strategies to minimize medication errors.
• Introduction and conclusion.

SCENARIO
AC is a 72-year-old male who is admitted to your ICU after suffering a massive stroke that has left him unresponsive and unable to communicate. He is currently on a ventilator. It was discovered that the stroke was the result of a medication error. His wife of 48 years is available along with their one adult daughter. The wife informs you that they don’t have any advanced directives, but she is “pretty sure her husband would not want to live like this.” However, their daughter is adamant her dad would want to be kept alive in case there is any chance to come out of this.

GRADING RUBRICS
Explain the ethical and legal implications of the scenario you selected on all stakeholders involved such as the prescriber, pharmacist, patient, and the patient’s family. = The response accurately and thoroughly explains in detail the ethical and legal implications of the scenario selected on all stakeholders involved. … The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed explanations as to how these implications affect the prescriber, pharmacist, patient, and the patient’s family.

Describe strategies to address disclosure and nondisclosure as identified in the scenario selected. Be sure to reference laws specific to your state. = An accurate, detailed, and clear description of strategies to address disclosure and nondisclosure as identified in the scenario selected is provided. … The response includes specific, detailed, and accurate reference to state laws related to the scenario.

Explain two strategies that you, as an advanced practice nurse would use to guide your decision making in this scenario, including whether you would disclose your error. Be sure to justify your explanation. = The response accurately and thoroughly explains in detail at least two strategies that an advanced practice nurse would use to guide decision making in the scenario. … The response accurately and completely explains whether they would disclose the error, including an accurate, detailed, and clear justification for the explanation provided.

Explain the process of writing prescriptions including strategies to minimize medication errors. = The response provides an accurate, detailed, and thorough explanation of the process of writing prescriptions, including detailed strategies to minimize medication errors.

Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused–neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. = Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity.

Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation. = Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.
Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running head, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. = Uses correct APA format with no errors. use and cite at least 4 sources for written assignments throughout the quarter.

REQUIRED READING AND REFERENCING
• Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
o Chapter 1, “Prescriptive Authority” (pp. 1–3)
o Chapter 2, “Rational Drug Selection and Prescription Writing” (pp. 4–7)
o Chapter 3, “Promoting Positive Outcomes of Drug Therapy” (pp. 8–12)
o Chapter 4, “Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Interactions” (pp. 13–33)
o Chapter 5, “Adverse Drug Reactions and Medication Errors” (pp. 34–42)
o Chapter 6, “Individual Variation in Drug Response” (pp. 43–45)
• American Geriatrics Society 2019 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. (2019). American Geriatrics Society 2019 updated AGS Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Download Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 67(4), 674–694. doi:10.1111/jgs.15767

American Geriatrics Society 2019 updated AGS Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults by American Geriatrics Society, in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, Vol. 67/Issue 4. Copyright 2019 by Blackwell Publishing. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishing via the Copyright Clearance Center.
This article is an update to the Beers Criteria, which includes lists of potentially inappropriate medications to be avoided in older adults as well as newly added criteria that lists select drugs that should be avoided or have their dose adjusted based on the individual’s kidney function and select drug-drug interactions documented to be associated with harms in older adults.
• Drug Enforcement Administration. (2021). CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21Links to an external site.. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=1300

This website outlines the code of federal regulations for prescription drugs.
• Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.). Mid-level practitioners authorization by stateLinks to an external site.. Retrieved May 13, 2019 from http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugreg/practioners/index.html

This website outlines the schedules for controlled substances, including prescriptive authority for each schedule.
• Institute for Safe Medication Practices. (2017). List of error-prone abbreviations, symbols, and dose designationsLinks to an external site.. Retrieved from https://www.ismp.org/recommendations/error-prone-abbreviations-list

This website provides a list of prescription-writing abbreviations that might lead to misinterpretation, as well as suggestions for preventing resulting errors.
• Sabatino, J. A., Pruchnicki, M. C., Sevin, A. M., Barker, E., Green, C. G., & Porter, K. (2017). Improving prescribing practices: A pharmacist‐led educational intervention for nurse practitioner studentsLinks to an external site.. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 29(5), 248–254. doi:10.1002/2327-6924.12446

The authors of this article assess the impact of a pharmacist‐led educational intervention on family nurse practitioner (FNP) students’ prescribing skills, perception of preparedness to prescribe, and perception of pharmacist as collaborator.

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Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescribing Drugs

Introduction
Medication errors are a leading cause of death and disability in the United States. In 2019, there were an estimated 2.8 million medication errors, resulting in 100,000 deaths. These errors can occur at any stage of the medication process, from prescribing to dispensing to administration.

The ethical and legal implications of medication errors are complex and far-reaching. Prescribers, pharmacists, and other healthcare providers have a duty to provide safe and effective care to their patients. When a medication error occurs, it can have serious consequences for the patient, the provider, and the healthcare system as a whole.

This paper will discuss the ethical and legal implications of medication errors, with a focus on the role of the prescriber. The paper will also discuss strategies for minimizing medication errors.

Ethical Implications of Medication Errors
The ethical implications of medication errors are significant. Prescribers have a duty to act in the best interests of their patients. This includes providing safe and effective care, as well as being honest and transparent with patients about the risks and benefits of treatment.

When a medication error occurs, it can violate the patient’s trust in the prescriber. It can also lead to physical harm to the patient, as well as emotional and financial distress.

Prescribers have a responsibility to take steps to prevent medication errors. This includes being familiar with the medications they prescribe, using clear and accurate communication, and following established safety protocols.

Legal Implications of Medication Errors
The legal implications of medication errors can be significant. In some cases, prescribers may be held liable for the harm caused by a medication error. This is typically the case when the prescriber’s negligence was the proximate cause of the patient’s injury.

The legal implications of medication errors can vary depending on the specific circumstances of the case. It is important for prescribers to be aware of the potential legal risks associated with medication errors and to take steps to minimize these risks.

Strategies for Minimizing Medication Errors
There are a number of strategies that can be used to minimize medication errors. These include:

Using clear and accurate communication: Prescribers should use clear and accurate language when communicating with patients about their medications. This includes using the correct names for medications, as well as the correct dosages and instructions for use.
Following established safety protocols: Prescribers should follow established safety protocols when prescribing medications. These protocols may include double-checking prescriptions, using barcoding systems, and avoiding the use of error-prone abbreviations.
Adopting a culture of safety: Prescribers should create a culture of safety in their practice. This includes promoting open communication about medication errors, learning from mistakes, and taking steps to prevent future errors.
Conclusion
Medication errors are a serious problem that can have devastating consequences for patients, providers, and the healthcare system as a whole. Prescribers have a responsibility to take steps to prevent medication errors. This includes being familiar with the medications they prescribe, using clear and accurate communication, and following established safety protocols.

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