Posted: September 6th, 2023

Crusaders, Mongols, and Eurasian Integration, 1050-1350

Crusaders, Mongols, and Eurasian Integration, 1050-1350

Great Schism
Pope Gregory VII/ investiture controversy
Pope Urban II/ Crusades
Christian military orders (458; 482-485)
Pope Innocent III/ Inquisition
Saladin (458)
Chivalry (464)
Reconquista (465)
Chinggis Khan/Great Kahn (469-471)
Qubilai Khan/ Yuan Dynasty
tax farming (474)
Mamluks (476, 480-481)
Ilkhanate/ Ghazan (476-478)
Golden Horde/ Muscovy (478-479)
Ottomans/Osman (481-482)
Gazis (482)
Templar Knights/ Teutonic Knights (482-485)

Explain: “The Roman papacy…increasingly resembled a royal government…” (457)

How do the authors explain the complex motivations behind the Crusades? (457-459)

What did the Crusades accomplish? Why were they not more successful? (457-460)

Comment: “Plentiful trade flowed across the battle lines, and the Crusaders acquired an appetitive for sugar…and the spices of Asia…” (460)

What do you find notable in the observations of the Muslim diplomat about Christians he met? (461)

Explain: “Europe too form out of the processes of military conquest, migration, and cultural colonization that would later characterize European expansion into the Americas.” (464)

Comment: “In its heyday the Umayyad caliphate in Spain was the most urbanized and commercially developed part of Europe.” (465)

Describe how the situtation for Jews became much worse during the era of the Inquisition. (466)

Describe how Latin Christians and Orthodox Christians competed for followers in Eastern Europe. Why do you suppose Slavic princes were willing to open their lands to outside settlers? (466-469)

Comment: “Throughout Eastern Europe, cities and towns became oases of foreign colonists…” (468)

Explain: “Europe’s patchwork of feudal domains and independent cities began to merge into unified national states, especially in England and France.” (463)

Describe the cultural and political environment of eastern Mongolia in the twelfth century. How did the Liao and Jin states help set the stage for what would become the Mongol empire? (469-470)

What do you find most interesting or remarkable about the rise of Chingghis Kahn? (470-471)

How did the Mongols continue to gain power after Chingghis died? Why did the empire break apart?

What do you find remarkable about the role of women in Mongol society? (472-473)

How did the Yuan Empire change China? Would you also say that China changed the Mongols who ruled the area? (474-476)

Explain: “As a transnational faith, Buddhism helped unite the diverse peoples of eastern Asia under Mongol rule.” (475)

Author’s focus question: In what respects did the Turkish Islamic states of the Mamluks and Ottomans persue policies similar to those of the Mongol regimes in Iran and Russia? (476-482)

Explain: “The Mongol conquests of Iran and Mesopotamia had caused immense environmental and economic harm.” (477)

How were the areas of Iran and Mesopotamia influenced by Mongol rule? How did Ghazan and his successors seek to strengthen the state and the economy in the area? (476-478)

Comment: “In the Rus lands, as in Iran, the Mongols instituted a form of indirect governance that relied on local rulers as intermediaries.” (479)

What connection do you see between the Golden Horde and today’s nation of Russia? (478-479)

How do the authors explain the rise of the Mamluks and the Ottomans? (479-482)

Comment: “The stable revenue base provided by agriculture could support a greater number of warriors than the booty obtained from raiding.” (482)

Explain: “The Templar knights were expected to to maintain equal fidelity to both the code of chivalry and monastic rules.” (483)

Comment: “…the dramatic expansion of Christendom had fostered national rivalry rather than political unity.” (485)

Comment: “The Mongols brought the worlds of pastoral nomads and settled urban and agrarian peoples
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Explain: “The Roman papacy…increasingly resembled a royal government…” (457)

The Roman papacy was the central authority of the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. In the 11th and 12th centuries, the papacy became increasingly powerful and began to assert its authority over secular rulers. This led to a conflict between the papacy and the Holy Roman Emperor, which culminated in the Investiture Controversy of the 11th and 12th centuries. The Investiture Controversy was a dispute over who had the authority to appoint church officials. The papacy claimed that this authority belonged to the pope, while the Holy Roman Emperor claimed that it belonged to him. The controversy was eventually resolved in favor of the papacy, but it helped to solidify the power of the papacy and make it a more centralized and bureaucratic institution.

How do the authors explain the complex motivations behind the Crusades? (457-459)

The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims that took place in the Middle Ages. The Crusades were motivated by a variety of factors, including religious zeal, economic opportunity, and political ambition. Some Christians believed that it was their duty to liberate the Holy Land from Muslim control, while others saw the Crusades as a way to gain wealth and power. The Crusades were also motivated by the desire to expand Christian influence and to spread the Christian faith.

What did the Crusades accomplish? Why were they not more successful? (457-460)

The Crusades achieved some limited success in the early stages, but they ultimately failed to achieve their long-term goals. The Crusaders were able to capture Jerusalem and other important holy sites, but they were unable to maintain control of these territories for long. The Crusades also led to a great deal of bloodshed and destruction, and they did little to promote peace between Christians and Muslims.

Comment: “Plentiful trade flowed across the battle lines, and the Crusaders acquired an appetitive for sugar…and the spices of Asia…” (460)

The Crusades had a significant impact on trade between Europe and Asia. The Crusaders brought back new goods and ideas from the Middle East, and this helped to stimulate trade and economic growth in Europe. The Crusades also helped to introduce Europeans to new spices and foods, which became popular in Europe.

What do you find notable in the observations of the Muslim diplomat about Christians he met? (461)

The Muslim diplomat was impressed by the wealth and power of the Christian world. He was also impressed by the Christian faith and the devotion of the Christian people. However, he was also critical of the Christian world, and he noted that the Christians were often divided and quarrelsome.

Explain: “Europe too form out of the processes of military conquest, migration, and cultural colonization that would later characterize European expansion into the Americas.” (464)

The author is arguing that Europe was not a static or unchanging entity. Rather, it was a product of the same processes of military conquest, migration, and cultural colonization that would later characterize European expansion into the Americas. In other words, Europe was created through the interaction of different cultures and peoples, and it continues to evolve today.

Comment: “In its heyday the Umayyad caliphate in Spain was the most urbanized and commercially developed part of Europe.” (465)

The Umayyad caliphate was a Muslim empire that ruled Spain from the 8th to the 11th centuries. During its heyday, the Umayyad caliphate was a major center of trade and commerce. The Umayyad caliphate was also a major center of learning and culture. The Umayyad caliphate’s contributions to European civilization were significant, and they helped to shape the development of Europe in many ways.

Describe how the situtation for Jews became much worse during the era of the Inquisition. (466)

The Inquisition was a period of religious persecution in Europe that lasted from the 12th to the 18th centuries. During the Inquisition, Jews were often accused of heresy and were subjected to torture and execution. The Inquisition had a devastating impact on the Jewish community in Europe, and it led to the deaths of thousands of Jews.

Describe how Latin Christians and Orthodox Christians competed for followers in Eastern Europe. Why do you suppose Slavic princes were willing to open their lands to outside settlers? (466-469)

Latin Christians and Orthodox Christians competed for followers in Eastern Europe during the Middle Ages. The Latin Christians were the followers of the Roman Catholic Church, while the Orthodox Christians were the followers of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Slavic princes were willing to open their lands

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