Custom Essays, Research Papers & Assignment Help Services

Fill the order form details - writing instructions guides, and get your paper done.

Posted: October 5th, 2023

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology

Pathophysiology is the study of how diseases affect the normal functioning of the body. It explains the mechanisms and processes that underlie the signs and symptoms of various disorders. Pharmacology is the science of drugs and their interactions with living systems. It covers the sources, properties, effects, and uses of drugs in medicine. Pathophysiology and pharmacology are closely related fields that help us understand and treat human diseases.

In this blog post, we will provide an overview of some core concepts and key pathophysiological processes that are relevant to nursing practice. We will also discuss some common pharmacological agents that are used to manage these conditions. We will focus on inflammation, infection, and cancer, as well as some examples of disorders affecting different body systems.

Inflammation

Inflammation is a protective response of the body to injury, infection, or irritation. It involves a complex series of events that aim to eliminate the cause of damage, remove dead or damaged cells, and initiate tissue repair. The main features of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

The inflammatory response is mediated by various cells, molecules, and pathways that coordinate the recruitment of immune cells, the release of inflammatory mediators, the dilation of blood vessels, the increase of vascular permeability, and the activation of clotting factors. Some of the key players in inflammation are mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, cytokines, prostaglandins, histamine, bradykinin, complement system, and coagulation cascade.

Pharmacological agents that are used to modulate inflammation include anti-inflammatory drugs (such as aspirin, ibuprofen, corticosteroids), antihistamines (such as diphenhydramine), antipyretics (such as paracetamol), and immunosuppressants (such as cyclosporine).

Infection

Infection is the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) in the body that cause harm or disease. Infection can be localised or systemic, acute or chronic, primary or secondary. The outcome of infection depends on the balance between the virulence of the microorganism and the host’s immune response.

The immune system is composed of innate and adaptive components that work together to recognise and eliminate foreign invaders. The innate immune system consists of physical barriers (such as skin and mucous membranes), chemical barriers (such as lysozyme and acid), cellular defenses (such as phagocytes and natural killer cells), and inflammatory response. The adaptive immune system consists of humoral immunity (mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes) and cell-mediated immunity (mediated by T lymphocytes).

Pharmacological agents that are used to combat infection include antimicrobial drugs (such as antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals), vaccines (which stimulate active immunity), immunoglobulins (which provide passive immunity), and immunomodulators (such as interferons).

Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases characterised by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells that can invade and destroy normal tissues. Cancer can arise from any cell type in any organ or tissue in the body. The main causes of cancer are genetic mutations (either inherited or acquired) that affect genes involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, apoptosis, differentiation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis.

The process of cancer development involves several stages: initiation (when a normal cell acquires a mutation that confers a growth advantage), promotion (when the mutated cell proliferates under the influence of external factors), progression (when the cancer cells acquire more mutations that enhance their survival and aggressiveness), and metastasis (when the cancer cells spread to other parts of the body through blood or lymph vessels).

Pharmacological agents that are used to treat cancer include cytotoxic drugs (which kill rapidly dividing cells), targeted drugs (which interfere with specific molecules or pathways involved in cancer growth or survival), hormonal drugs (which block or mimic hormones that stimulate certain cancers), immunotherapy drugs (which enhance or suppress the immune system’s ability to fight cancer), and radiotherapy drugs (which enhance the effects of radiation therapy).

Order | Check Discount

Assignment Help For You!

Special Offer! Get 20-25% Off On your Order!

Why choose us

You Want Quality and That’s What We Deliver

Top Skilled Writers

To ensure professionalism, we carefully curate our team by handpicking highly skilled writers and editors, each possessing specialized knowledge in distinct subject areas and a strong background in academic writing. This selection process guarantees that our writers are well-equipped to write on a variety of topics with expertise. Whether it's help writing an essay in nursing, medical, healthcare, management, psychology, and other related subjects, we have the right expert for you. Our diverse team 24/7 ensures that we can meet the specific needs of students across the various learning instututions.

Affordable Prices

The Essay Bishops 'write my paper' online service strives to provide the best writers at the most competitive rates—student-friendly cost, ensuring affordability without compromising on quality. We understand the financial constraints students face and aim to offer exceptional value. Our pricing is both fair and reasonable to college/university students in comparison to other paper writing services in the academic market. This commitment to affordability sets us apart and makes our services accessible to a wider range of students.

100% Plagiarism-Free

Minimal Similarity Index Score on our content. Rest assured, you'll never receive a product with any traces of plagiarism, AI, GenAI, or ChatGPT, as our team is dedicated to ensuring the highest standards of originality. We rigorously scan each final draft before it's sent to you, guaranteeing originality and maintaining our commitment to delivering plagiarism-free content. Your satisfaction and trust are our top priorities.

How it works

When you decide to place an order with Nursing Essays, here is what happens:

Complete the Order Form

You will complete our order form, filling in all of the fields and giving us as much detail as possible.

Assignment of Writer

We analyze your order and match it with a writer who has the unique qualifications to complete it, and he begins from scratch.

Order in Production and Delivered

You and your writer communicate directly during the process, and, once you receive the final draft, you either approve it or ask for revisions.

Giving us Feedback (and other options)

We want to know how your experience went. You can read other clients’ testimonials too. And among many options, you can choose a favorite writer.