Optimizing Drug Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease: A Case-Based Approach to Personalized Treatment

1. Pathophysiology of Disorder: Type 2 Diabetes & Hispanic Populations

Case Study: A 52-year-old Hispanic female presents with fatigue, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. She has a family history of type 2 diabetes and a sedentary lifestyle.
Assignment: In 250-300 words, explore the relationship between Hispanic ethnicity and type 2 diabetes. How does being Hispanic influence the risk or progression of this condition? What are the potential symptoms and physiological alterations? Discuss the pathophysiology behind these changes, including normal versus altered cellular function (e.g., insulin resistance). Address both intracellular (e.g., glucose uptake impairment) and extracellular (e.g., hyperglycemia effects) changes. Use APA format and include at least three references with in-text citations.

2. Pathophysiology of Disorder: Hypertension & African Americans

Case Study: A 45-year-old African American male reports headaches, dizziness, and blurred vision. His blood pressure is 160/100 mmHg, and he has a history of smoking.
Assignment: In 250-300 words, examine how African American ethnicity impacts hypertension. What role does this demographic play in prevalence or severity? Identify common symptoms and alterations (e.g., vascular damage). Explain the pathophysiology of these changes, contrasting normal and altered cellular functions (e.g., endothelial dysfunction). Discuss intracellular (e.g., sodium retention) and extracellular (e.g., fluid volume increase) factors. Follow APA format, using at least three references with in-text citations.

3. Pathophysiology of Disorder: Sickle Cell Disease & African Americans

Case Study: A 19-year-old African American male experiences severe joint pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath after exercise. He has a confirmed sickle cell diagnosis.
Assignment: In 250-300 words, analyze the connection between African American ethnicity and sickle cell disease. How does this heritage affect disease incidence? List potential symptoms and alterations (e.g., vaso-occlusion). Describe the pathophysiology, including normal versus altered cellular function (e.g., hemoglobin S formation). Explore intracellular (e.g., red cell sickling) and extracellular (e.g., tissue ischemia) changes. Use APA format and cite at least three references with in-text citations.

4. Pathophysiology of Disorder: Breast Cancer & Ashkenazi Jewish Women

Case Study: A 38-year-old Ashkenazi Jewish woman finds a lump in her breast. Genetic testing reveals a BRCA1 mutation, and she has a family history of breast cancer.
Assignment: In 250-300 words, investigate how Ashkenazi Jewish ethnicity influences breast cancer risk. What genetic or cultural factors contribute? Identify symptoms and alterations (e.g., tumor growth). Explain the pathophysiology, comparing normal and altered cellular function (e.g., uncontrolled cell proliferation). Discuss intracellular (e.g., DNA repair failure) and extracellular (e.g., angiogenesis) changes. Adhere to APA format, incorporating at least three references with in-text citations.

5. Pathophysiology of Disorder: Chronic Kidney Disease & Native Americans

Case Study: A 60-year-old Native American male presents with swelling in his legs, fatigue, and decreased urine output. Labs show elevated creatinine levels.
Assignment: In 250-300 words, explore the link between Native American ethnicity and chronic kidney disease. How does this background affect disease risk or outcomes? List symptoms and alterations (e.g., glomerular damage). Detail the pathophysiology, including normal versus altered cellular function (e.g., nephron loss). Consider intracellular (e.g., tubular cell injury) and extracellular (e.g., fluid imbalance) changes. Use APA format and include at least three references with in-text citations.

6. Pathophysiology of Disorder ( colon cancer & African Americans ).